Besides climate change, which threats are cited pressuring the reef?

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Besides climate change, extreme weather, land-based run-off, coastal development and Crown of Thorns starfish predation are cited as additional threats pressuring the Great Barrier Reef.

Unesco’s draft World Heritage decision notes that, alongside climate change, several other pressures are affecting the reef. These include extreme weather, land-based run-off, coastal development, and predation by the Crown of Thorns starfish, all of which are described as placing the reef under pressure. Unesco also said the reef’s ability to tolerate and recover from such events is increasingly compromised.
Extreme weather is listed as a separate pressure on the reef
Extreme weather is explicitly cited as one of the factors pressuring the Great Barrier Reef. This threat is mentioned alongside other non-climate pressures in Unesco’s assessment of risks to the reef.
Land-based run-off is identified as affecting the reef
Land-based run-off is also listed as a pressure on the reef. The draft decision frames this as part of the broader set of concerns being monitored and addressed in areas such as water quality.
Coastal development is cited as adding pressure
Coastal development is named as another threat affecting the reef. In the same draft decision context, Unesco points to risks beyond climate change, with coastal pressures presented as part of the reef’s overall stress.
Predation by Crown of Thorns starfish is described as a pressure
Predation by the Crown of Thorns starfish is cited as placing the reef under pressure. Unesco’s wording links this additional threat to its concern that the reef’s capacity to tolerate and recover from events is increasingly compromised.

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Besides climate change, which threats are cited pressuring the reef?

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