Could prenatal hormones explain autism in boys?

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Prenatal Sex Hormone Levels May Contribute to Autism Risk in Boys

New European research suggests that elevated levels of oestrogen sex hormones in the prenatal environment are linked to an increased risk of developing autism, particularly in male fetuses. This finding builds upon previous work indicating that higher prenatal androgen levels also correlate with autism in boys, suggesting a complex interplay of sex hormones and genetic factors influencing fetal brain development. The research, conducted by scientists at the University of Cambridge and institutions in Denmark, analysed amniotic fluid samples from a large birth cohort.
Elevated Oestrogen Levels Associated with Autism Diagnosis

A study involving 275 individuals from the Danish Historic Birth Cohort found that all four tested oestrogens were, on average, significantly higher in male fetuses who later received an autism diagnosis compared to male fetuses who did not. Estradiol, the most potent oestrogen, proved to be the most predictive of an autism diagnosis. These findings suggest a direct association between high prenatal oestrogen exposure and the likelihood of developing autism in males.
Androgens Also Implicated in Autism Development

This latest research complements a 2015 study by the same research team, which identified higher levels of prenatal steroid hormones, including androgens, in male fetuses who subsequently developed autism. Androgens, such as testosterone, are produced in greater quantities in male fetuses. The 2015 findings offered a potential explanation for the higher prevalence of autism in boys compared to girls, a disparity observed globally.
Oestrogens May Have a Greater Predictive Role Than Androgens

Interestingly, the new research indicates that high prenatal oestrogen levels appear to be a more significant predictor of autism likelihood than high levels of prenatal androgens like testosterone. While oestrogen is commonly associated with female development, research suggests that prenatal oestrogens can also play a role in masculinising the brain in various mammalian species. This dual role highlights the complex influence of sex hormones on fetal neurodevelopment.
Hormonal Influence Interacts with Genetic Factors

Professor Simon Baron-Cohen posits that increased prenatal sex steroid hormones are one of several potential causes for autism, likely interacting with established genetic factors. The elevated hormone levels could originate from the mother, the developing baby, or the placenta. Further research is planned to investigate these potential sources and their interactions during pregnancy. It is important to note that these findings are intended to advance understanding of autism and are not suitable for screening purposes.

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Could prenatal hormones explain autism in boys?

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