How did MA63 define the formation of Malaysia?

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MA63 Defined Malaysia as a Federation Established by Treaty

The Agreement Relating to Malaysia (MA63), which came into force on September 16, 1963, established Malaysia as a federation of states formed through a treaty. This treaty, MA63, outlined the terms under which the Colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak, along with the State of Singapore, would federate with the existing States of the Federation of Malaya, creating the new entity named Malaysia. The signatories to this foundational agreement included the United Kingdom, the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo (Sabah), Sarawak, and Singapore.
The Treaty Basis of Federation

The term "federation" itself originates from the Latin word "foedus," meaning "treaty" or "agreement." This historical etymology underscores the nature of such political unions. A treaty, as defined by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, is an international agreement between states, governed by international law. MA63 functions precisely in this capacity, serving as the binding legal instrument that brought Malaysia into existence as a union of distinct territories.
Incorporation of Borneo States and Singapore

Article 1 of MA63 explicitly details the process of federation. It states that North Borneo and Sarawak, previously Crown Colonies, and Singapore, which had transitioned from a Crown Colony to a self-governing state, were to be federated with the existing states of the Federation of Malaya. This act formally constituted them as the States of Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore within the newly formed Federation, which was then named Malaysia.
The Role of the Malaysia Act 1963

Complementing MA63, the Malaysia Act 1963, enacted by the British Parliament, provided the legislative framework for the federation. This Act facilitated the union by ensuring the relinquishment of British sovereignty and jurisdiction over North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore, vesting these powers as agreed upon in MA63. Article 4 of this Act further stipulated the official name of the Federation and enumerated the constituent states, including the "Borneo States" of Sabah and Sarawak, alongside the States of Malaya and Singapore.

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How did MA63 define the formation of Malaysia?

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