How does acquired colour blindness differ from congenital forms?

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Acquired Colour Blindness Arises from External Factors, Unlike Congenital Forms Rooted in Genetics

Acquired colour blindness differs from congenital colour blindness primarily in its origin and potential for progression. While congenital colour blindness is a condition present from birth, caused by genetic mutations affecting the retinal cone cells responsible for colour perception, acquired colour blindness develops later in life. It often stems from other chronic health conditions or external factors that damage the visual system, and unlike many congenital cases, it can sometimes be temporary or permanent depending on the underlying cause.
Congenital Colour Blindness is Genetically Determined

Congenital colour blindness is fundamentally a hereditary condition, directly linked to genetic mutations. These mutations occur in the genes responsible for producing photopsin, the colour pigment found in the eye's cone cells. This genetic basis explains why colour vision deficiency is significantly more prevalent in men, as the relevant gene is located on the X chromosome. Globally, approximately eight per cent of men and 0.5 per cent of women are estimated to be affected by this inherited form, with about 4.8 per cent of Malaysian men experiencing it.
Acquired Colour Blindness Results from Chronic Health Issues

Acquired colour blindness can develop as a consequence of various chronic medical conditions that impact retinal function. For instance, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to damage of the blood vessels within the retina. This retinopathy interferes with the cone cells' ability to function correctly, thereby impairing colour perception.
Certain Medications and Diseases Can Trigger Acquired Colour Blindness

Beyond diabetes, other health issues and external agents can also lead to acquired colour blindness. Conditions such as glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration can affect vision, including colour differentiation. Furthermore, specific medications known to be toxic to the optic nerve have been identified as potential causes of temporary or permanent colour vision impairment.

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How does acquired colour blindness differ from congenital forms?

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