How have upstream dams in Turkey and Iran reduced Iraq’s river flow?

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Upstream Dams in Turkey and Iran Significantly Diminish River Flow into Iraq

Upstream dams constructed in Turkey and Iran have drastically reduced the volume of water flowing into Iraq via the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This reduction is a primary factor exacerbating the effects of climate change within Iraq, leading to severe drought conditions in the country's southern wetlands. The diminished water levels directly impact the traditional livelihoods of communities dependent on these vital water resources.
Reduced Water Availability for Iraq's Waterways

The construction of dams by Turkey and Iran on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers has led to a substantial decrease in the water reaching Iraq. This upstream control over water resources means that Iraq receives significantly less water than it historically did, creating a critical shortage. This situation has been ongoing, with some herders noting a lack of water for five consecutive years, a stark contrast to previous droughts that would typically last only one or two years before water levels recovered.
Exacerbation of Climate Change Impacts

The reduced river flow from upstream dams amplifies the effects of climate change in Iraq, a country already highly vulnerable to its impacts. With summer temperatures frequently exceeding 50 degrees Celsius, increased evaporation rates are a natural consequence. When combined with a reduced influx of water, this leads to a more rapid and severe drying out of the landscape, particularly affecting the UNESCO-listed swamplands, which have sustained civilizations since ancient Mesopotamia.
Impact on Traditional Livelihoods and Ecosystems

The dwindling water supply has had devastating consequences for the traditional way of life in Iraq's southern marshes. Buffalo herders, fishermen, and hunters, whose livelihoods are intrinsically linked to the wetlands, are experiencing a collapse of their traditional practices. The diminished water levels have transformed once lush marshlands into barren, cracked earth, impacting not only human activities but also the diverse ecosystems. Species of fish have dwindled from 48 to just four, and wild bird populations have seen a drastic decline from 140 species to 22, indicating widespread ecological damage.

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How have upstream dams in Turkey and Iran reduced Iraq’s river flow?

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