What are the main drivers of drug resistance, according to the WHO?

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The primary drivers of drug resistance are the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) identifies the widespread use and incorrect application of antimicrobial substances as the principal factors contributing to the development of drug resistance. This phenomenon, known as antimicrobial resistance (AMR), occurs when microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites evolve to no longer be susceptible to the effects of antimicrobial drugs designed to combat them.
Misuse and Overuse in Humans, Animals, and Plants

The WHO explicitly states that the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials across human, animal, and plant health sectors are the main drivers of drug resistance. This includes not only antibiotics but also antivirals and antifungals, indicating a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agents susceptible to resistance development.
Escalating Global Public Health Threat

Antimicrobial resistance is recognised as a significant global public health threat, with the WHO estimating that it causes over a million deaths annually. The increasing prevalence of resistant bacteria, particularly against antibiotics, poses a substantial challenge to healthcare systems worldwide.
Disproportionate Burden on Low- and Middle-Income Countries

The impact of AMR is not evenly distributed, with low- and middle-income countries bearing a disproportionate burden. This disparity is often linked to factors such as limited access to newer diagnostics and treatments, as well as differing regulatory frameworks and practices regarding antimicrobial use.

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What are the main drivers of drug resistance, according to the WHO?

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