What defines crony capitalism in the Malaysian context?

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Crony capitalism is defined as business success tied to close relationships with government officials and politicians, often involving favoritism in state decisions.

Crony capitalism is success in business that depends on close relationships between business people, government officials, and politicians. It is associated with favoritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks, and other forms of state intervention. When this pattern characterises government institutions, it is also described as kleptocracy.
It centres on a close business-government-political relationship
The defining feature is that business outcomes are linked to close relationships among business actors, government officials, and politicians. This means the business success is not presented as purely market-driven, but as reliant on proximity to decision-makers within the state.
It is linked to favoritism in state-controlled benefits
Crony capitalism is associated with favoritism in how state power is used, specifically in areas like legal permits, government grants, and special tax breaks. It also covers other forms of state intervention where access or advantages are distributed unevenly.
It overlaps with kleptocracy when it shapes government institutions
When this kind of crony pattern characterises government institutions, it is also called kleptocracy. Kleptocracy is described as an informal system of governance where state institutions are controlled by a network of allies who use authority to increase personal wealth and political power at the expense of the wider population.
The Malaysian context is not specified in the provided material
The provided information defines crony capitalism and related terms, but it does not give specific Malaysian examples, cases, or named instances. To state what defines crony capitalism specifically in Malaysia, additional Malaysia-focused evidence of permits, grants, tax breaks, or other state interventions tied to close relationships would be needed.

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What defines crony capitalism in the Malaysian context?

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