What does ancient vine DNA reveal about modern winemaking grapes?

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Ancient Vine DNA Confirms Long-Term Genetic Identity of French Grape Varieties

Analysis of ancient vine DNA has revealed that grape varieties cultivated in France today, particularly those found in renowned appellations, are genetically identical to those introduced by the Romans. This research demonstrates a remarkable continuity in grape lineages, with some varieties maintained for at least 900 years, underscoring the deep historical roots and enduring traditions of winemaking. The study involved a cross-European team that examined the genomes of 28 grape pips from nine archaeological sites across France, with the oldest samples dating back 2,500 years, and compared them against modern DNA databases.
Enduring Genetic Links to Roman-Era Vines

The genetic analysis has established direct links between ancient grape pips and contemporary varieties. For instance, a white grape known as savignan, dated to 1100 CE, has been continuously cultivated for at least 900 years and is still used today to produce the distinctive vin jaune of the Jura region. This same savignan variety serves as the parent for over two dozen modern white grapes, including well-known types such as gruner veltliner, chenin, riesling, and petit manseng.
Roman Introduction of Varieties Confirmed

Further evidence points to the direct influence of Roman viticulture on modern French and Swiss grape cultivation. Humagne blanche, a white grape currently grown in the Swiss Alps, has been found to be directly related to grapes that were cultivated in southern France during the Roman era. This finding lends credence to historical accounts suggesting that Romans introduced vines into regions like Switzerland.
Long-Term Maintenance of Grape Lineages

The typical method of grapevine propagation, by replanting trimmings from existing vines, ensures that new plants are genetically identical to their parent. This practice allows grape varieties to persist for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. The research confirms that this method has been employed historically, allowing specific grape lineages, such as those of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir, to remain virtually unchanged from their Roman-era counterparts.
Historical Depth of Winemaking Tradition

This comprehensive genetic study provides a new perspective on the longevity and tradition inherent in winemaking. By tracing grape lineages back thousands of years, scientists have confirmed that the processes of selecting, propagating, and maintaining specific grape varieties have been a continuous practice for millennia. This offers a profound appreciation for the historical depth and resilience of the winemaking craft.

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What does ancient vine DNA reveal about modern winemaking grapes?

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