What does COP28’s draft deal include as options regarding fossil fuels?

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COP28 Draft Deal Offers Multiple Pathways for Fossil Fuels

COP28's draft agreement presents a spectrum of potential outcomes concerning the future of fossil fuels, ranging from a complete phase-out aligned with scientific consensus to a focus on eliminating "unabated" fossil fuels, or even omitting specific language on the matter. This reflects significant divergence among participating nations regarding the urgency and approach to transitioning away from oil, gas, and coal.
Range of Fossil Fuel Language Considered

The preliminary text for the COP28 agreement outlines several distinct possibilities for addressing fossil fuels. One option proposes a "phase out of fossil fuels in line with best available science," indicating a comprehensive end to their use. Another suggests a more targeted approach, focusing on phasing out "unabated fossil fuels," which refers to emissions from burning fossil fuels without the use of carbon capture technology. A third possibility within the draft is the inclusion of no specific language whatsoever concerning the future of fossil fuels, leaving their role undefined in the final accord.
Scientific Imperative Versus Producer Concerns

At least 80 countries are advocating for a deal that mandates the eventual cessation of fossil fuel use, driven by scientific warnings about averting the most severe impacts of climate change. However, Opec, representing major oil-producing nations, is actively lobbying its members and allies to reject any provisions targeting fossil fuels. Opec Secretary General Haitham Al Ghais has communicated to member states that undue pressure against fossil fuels could lead to irreversible consequences, emphasizing the need for continued investment in all energy sources, including hydrocarbons, to meet global energy demands.
Divergent Views on Transition Pace and Equity

Disagreements also persist regarding the pace and fairness of a potential transition. Some nations, like Saudi Arabia, believe they can continue producing fossil fuels while mitigating emissions through technologies such as carbon capture. Conversely, countries like France express skepticism about the realism of such an approach. Other nations, including Malaysia, insist that wealthier countries, which have historically benefited from their fossil fuel resources, should lead the transition. Developing nations, represented by the G77+China bloc, are calling for a rephrasing of "phase-down/phase-out" language, arguing that countries with fewer financial means require more time to shift to clean energy, while richer nations should accelerate their efforts.

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What does COP28’s draft deal include as options regarding fossil fuels?

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