What forms of corruption did Tina Soreide identify?

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Tina Soreide Identified Thirteen Distinct Forms of Corruption

Tina Soreide's 2014 World Bank study, "Drivers of Corruption — A Brief Review," outlines at least thirteen different ways corruption can manifest. These distinct forms include crony capitalism, embezzlement, extortion or extortive corruption, facilitation payments, kickbacks, kleptocracy, lobbyism and campaign finance, patronage, queue corruption, regulatory capture, rent-seeking, and state capture. The descriptions for these specific categories were detailed in a preceding article.
Crony Capitalism and Kleptocracy as Manifestations

Among the forms identified by Soreide, crony capitalism signifies a system where political influence and personal connections are leveraged for economic gain, often at the expense of fair competition. Similarly, kleptocracy refers to a government or state characterized by rampant corruption and theft by those in power, where public funds are systematically plundered for personal enrichment.
Embezzlement and Extortion in Corrupt Practices

Embezzlement, as identified by Soreide, involves the theft or misappropriation of funds placed in one's trust or belonging to one's employer. Extortion or extortive corruption occurs when individuals in positions of authority demand payment or favors through threats or coercion, exploiting their power to extract illicit gains.
Regulatory Capture and State Capture as Systemic Issues

Soreide's framework also encompasses regulatory capture, where regulatory agencies are influenced or controlled by the industries they are meant to regulate, leading to outcomes that benefit these industries rather than the public interest. State capture represents a more pervasive form, where private interests significantly influence a state's decision-making processes to their own advantage, often through illicit means, undermining democratic institutions.

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What forms of corruption did Tina Soreide identify?

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