What made Iraq and Afghanistan pillars of civilisation?

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Iraq and Afghanistan were pillars of civilisation because of their ancient legal, scholarly, and cultural achievements, plus strong education systems before their later decline
Iraq and Afghanistan are described as pillars of civilisation because they produced landmark knowledge and helped shape culture, learning, and public life across centuries. In ancient Babylon, the Code of Hammurabi was inscribed as the world’s oldest legal code, while Afghanistan’s position on the Silk Road made it a meeting point where Eastern and Western civilisations blended. Both countries also had exemplary education systems in the 20th century before their acknowledged decline, with Baghdad University noted for globally reputable scientific research and Kabul University known for liberalism.
Babylon’s legal legacy and Baghdad’s scientific standing
Iraq’s civilisational role is linked to ancient Babylon, where the Code of Hammurabi was inscribed as the world’s oldest legal code. The narrative also highlights Baghdad University as globally reputable for scientific research, tying Iraq to education and knowledge production. This combination places Iraq’s influence in both law and science.
Afghanistan’s Silk Road role and attraction of scholars
Afghanistan is portrayed as a Silk Road trade crossroad that merged Eastern and Western civilisations. It also championed religious, cultural, and scientific discourse, attracting scholars worldwide. In the account, these features explain why Afghanistan functioned as a hub of learning and exchange rather than a peripheral region.
Education systems in the 20th century before decline
The text states that in the 20th century, both Iraq and Afghanistan had exemplary education systems before their acknowledged decline. It singles out Baghdad University for scientific research and Kabul University for liberalism. This frames their civilisational status as not only historical, but also sustained through education institutions.
Cultural wealth alongside different economic foundations
Iraq is described as renowned for poets, writers, and painters, and it was Unesco’s 1987 Islamic culture capital. Afghanistan is described as a cultural tapestry fusing tribal, Islamic, and Persian traditions harmoniously. Economically, Iraq is linked to oil wealth, while Afghanistan is described as sustaining itself on agriculture, showing different foundations supporting a shared cultural prominence.

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What made Iraq and Afghanistan pillars of civilisation?

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