What role does Lactococcus lactis play in protecting the oral fish vaccine?

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Lactococcus lactis Protects Oral Fish Vaccine Components from Stomach Acid

Lactococcus lactis plays a crucial role in the efficacy of the oral fish vaccine by encapsulating virus-like particles (VLPs). This protective coating shields the VLPs from degradation by stomach acid, ensuring their delivery to the fish's intestines where they can stimulate an immune response. Without this bacterial wrapping, the VLPs would be rendered inactive by the harsh acidic environment of the fish's stomach, preventing them from initiating immunity.
Encapsulation Safeguards Vaccine Integrity

The oral vaccine employs virus-like particles, which are non-infectious mimics of the nervous necrosis virus, to trigger an immune response. Researchers found that by wrapping these VLPs within Lactococcus lactis, they were effectively protected from the corrosive effects of stomach acid. This protection is vital for the vaccine to reach its intended site of action in the intestines.
Facilitating Intestinal Delivery and Immune Activation

Once protected by Lactococcus lactis, the VLPs are successfully transported to the fish's intestines. Upon absorption in the intestinal tract, the fish's immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies. This process is essential for building immunity against the actual virus, with studies showing the protected vaccine doubled antibody levels compared to unprotected VLPs.
Enhancing Vaccine Potency and Survival Rates

The protective action of Lactococcus lactis directly contributes to increased vaccine potency. In trials involving grouper, fish vaccinated with the oral method demonstrated survival rates of approximately 95 per cent, significantly higher than the 60 per cent survival rate observed in unvaccinated control groups. This highlights the critical function of the bacterial encapsulation in achieving effective protection.

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What role does Lactococcus lactis play in protecting the oral fish vaccine?

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