What specific social media platforms facilitated the Ceuta migrant surge?

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Specific social media platforms facilitated the Ceuta migrant surge through the rapid spread of disinformation.

A wave of disinformation on social media drove the surge of tens of thousands of migrants into Spain’s north African territory of Ceuta. An unprecedented 72,000 people poured into Ceuta from Morocco from July 30, mostly by swimming around a barrier in the Mediterranean Sea. A rumour that “the Ceuta border is open” spread rapidly, fuelled by an online campaign that generated 11 million views from early July.
Facebook and WhatsApp were primary conduits for misinformation.

Rumours, messages, and groups that caused this crisis mainly appeared on Facebook and WhatsApp. These platforms were central to the dissemination of false information suggesting the border was open.
Instagram was used to amplify specific claims following legal rulings.

An Instagram post appeared a day after a Supreme Court ruling, making a claim about the ruling. This specific post contributed to the spread of misleading information that encouraged migrants to attempt the crossing.
Social media platforms are considered responsible for delayed content rebuttal.

Social media platforms bore responsibility for not rebutting in time the content that encouraged the rush. Analysts suggest that the delay in addressing the disinformation allowed the crisis to escalate significantly.

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What specific social media platforms facilitated the Ceuta migrant surge?

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