Why do PAS-Umno alliances often face internal scepticism?

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Enduring Mistrust Fuels Scepticism Towards PAS-Umno Alliances

The persistent scepticism surrounding PAS-Umno alliances can be attributed to decades of historical rivalry and perceived betrayals, which have fostered a deep-seated mistrust between the two parties. While they may engage in periodic electoral cooperation, these arrangements are often viewed as tactical alliances rather than genuine political reconciliations, as past conflicts and unresolved grievances continue to influence negotiations and shape the perspectives of party members and supporters.
The 1977 Kelantan Constitutional Crisis as a Defining Moment

A pivotal event that cemented the mistrust between PAS and Umno was the 1977 Kelantan constitutional crisis. This episode, stemming from internal PAS divisions, led to the federal government's intervention and PAS's subsequent expulsion from the Barisan Nasional. For PAS, this was a profound symbol of political betrayal, a sentiment that has persisted for nearly half a century. Conversely, Umno viewed its actions as a necessary restoration of constitutional order. These divergent interpretations have created a lasting legacy of suspicion that continues to colour their interactions.
Deepening Divisions Through Religious and Identity Politics

Beyond the 1977 crisis, the political competition between PAS and Umno increasingly took on a religious dimension during the 1980s. Disagreements broadened to encompass issues of religious authority, identity, and legitimacy, moving beyond mere policy disputes. This religious framing of political competition further exacerbated divisions, even seeping into social relationships in certain communities. The 1985 Memali incident, regardless of its differing interpretations, served as another significant episode that reinforced mutual suspicion between PAS supporters and the Umno-led government.
Institutional Memory Overrides Tactical Cooperation

Despite the historical animosity, PAS and Umno have demonstrated a remarkable capacity for strategic alliances, such as the formation of Muafakat Nasional in 2019. However, these instances of cooperation are often short-lived, primarily serving electoral or tactical objectives rather than signifying a lasting reconciliation. The underlying issue is the resilience of institutional memory; political parties and their grassroots supporters vividly recall past conflicts and perceived betrayals. This accumulated mistrust means that any new attempt at cooperation is met with scepticism, as it reflects decades of unresolved grievances that cannot be easily erased by new agreements.
The Necessity of Mutual Confidence for Durable Alliances

The recurring cycles of rivalry and cooperation between PAS and Umno underscore that durable political partnerships require more than shared electoral interests. Building such lasting alliances necessitates the development of mutual confidence and a genuine respect for institutional commitments. Furthermore, both parties must be willing to honestly confront and address their unresolved historical grievances. Until the legacy of past conflicts, particularly the shadow of the 1977 Kelantan crisis, is fully acknowledged by both PAS and Umno, their rapprochements are likely to remain tactical arrangements rather than truly settled partnerships.

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Why do PAS-Umno alliances often face internal scepticism?

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