Why do worker bees heat their thoraxes to produce queen cell wax?

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Worker Bees Heat Thoraxes to Produce Special Wax for Queen Cells

Worker bees elevate their thoracic temperatures to over 39 degrees Celsius to meticulously mold a unique, high-melting-point wax essential for constructing queen cells. This specialized process is likened to these young bees transforming into "living furnaces" or running a fever, enabling them to manipulate the wax into structures with distinct physical and chemical properties. These worker bees are described as ordinary, flexible individuals temporarily undertaking this critical task, exhibiting short-term shifts in gene expression to facilitate wax processing. While engaged in this specialized construction, they continue to perform their regular hive duties, such as distributing food and inspecting other cells.
Specialized Wax for Queen Chambers

The construction of queen cells involves a wax that differs significantly from the material used for standard hexagonal cells. This specific wax is softer, possesses a higher melting point, and emits a different chemical signature. Researchers suggest these softer walls may provide growing larvae with space to expand, while the unique scents could act as hormonal triggers, influencing larval development towards a royal trajectory.
Temporary Role of "Living Furnaces"

The bees responsible for molding this specialized wax are not a permanently distinct caste but rather adaptable young workers assuming a temporary emergency function. Their elevated thoracic temperatures, exceeding 39 degrees Celsius, are a direct physiological response to the demands of processing this high-melting-point wax. This temporary adaptation allows them to perform their duties effectively without long-term specialization.
Multitasking During Construction

Even while undertaking the demanding task of building queen cells, these worker bees maintain their regular hive responsibilities. They continue to engage in essential colony functions, including sharing food with nestmates and performing routine cell inspections. This demonstrates a remarkable capacity for multitasking, highlighting the coordinated efforts within the colony to ensure the development of a new queen.

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Why do worker bees heat their thoraxes to produce queen cell wax?

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